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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freethought</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a> or <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Free_thought_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Free thought (disambiguation)">Free thought (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Freethought</b> (sometimes spelled <b>free thought</b>) is an unorthodox attitude or belief.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <b>freethinker</b> holds that <a href="Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> should not be formed on the basis of <a href="Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, <a href="Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, <a href="Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, or <a href="Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and should instead be reached by other methods such as <a href="Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, and <a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical observation</a>. According to the <i><a href="Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>, a freethinker is "One who is mentally free from the conventional bonds of tradition or dogma, and thinks independently." In some contemporary thought in particular, free thought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> application of free thought is known as "freethinking", and practitioners of free thought are known as "freethinkers".<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern freethinkers consider free thought to be a natural freedom from all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from society.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term first came into use in the 17th century in order to refer to people who inquired into the basis of traditional beliefs which were often accepted unquestioningly. Today, freethinking is most closely linked with <a href="Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, <a href="Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>, and <a href="Religious_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious critique">religious critique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> defines freethinking as, "The free exercise of reason in matters of religious belief, unrestrained by deference to authority; the adoption of the principles of a free-thinker." Freethinkers hold that knowledge should be grounded in facts, <a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific inquiry</a>, and logic. The skeptical application of science implies freedom from the intellectually limiting effects of <a href="Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, <a href="Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>, <a href="Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a>, <a href="Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, <a href="Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a>, or <a href="Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>Atheist author Adam Lee defines free thought as thinking which is independent of revelation, tradition, established belief, and <a href="Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">authority</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considers it as a "broader umbrella" than atheism "that embraces a rainbow of unorthodoxy, religious dissent, skepticism, and unconventional thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The basic summarizing statement of the essay <i>The Ethics of Belief</i> by the 19th-century British mathematician and philosopher <a href="William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">William Kingdon Clifford</a> is: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay became a rallying cry for freethinkers when published in the 1870s, and has been described as a point when freethinkers grabbed the moral high ground.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford was himself an organizer of free thought gatherings, the driving force behind the Congress of Liberal Thinkers held in 1878.

</p><p>Regarding <a href="Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, freethinkers typically hold that there is insufficient evidence to support the existence of <a href="Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="Freedom_from_Religion_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom from Religion Foundation">Freedom from Religion Foundation</a>, "No one can be a freethinker who demands conformity to a bible, <a href="Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>, or <a href="Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>. To the freethinker, revelation and faith are invalid, and orthodoxy is no guarantee of truth." and "Freethinkers are convinced that religious claims have not withstood the tests of reason. Not only is there nothing to be gained by believing an untruth, but there is everything to lose when we sacrifice the indispensable tool of reason on the altar of superstition. Most freethinkers consider religion to be not only untrue, but harmful."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>However, philosopher <a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> wrote the following in his 1944 essay <i>The Value of Free Thought</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What makes a freethinker is not his beliefs but the way in which he holds them. If he holds them because his elders told him they were true when he was young, or if he holds them because if he did not he would be unhappy, his thought is not free; but if he holds them because, after careful thought he finds a balance of evidence in their favour, then his thought is free, however odd his conclusions may seem.</p></blockquote>

<p>A freethinker, according to Russell, is not necessarily an atheist or an agnostic, as long as he or she satisfies this definition:

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The person who is free in any respect is free <i>from</i> something; what is the free thinker free from? To be worthy of the name, he must be free of two things: the force of tradition, and the tyranny of his own passions. No one is <i>completely</i> free from either, but in the measure of a man's emancipation he deserves to be called a free thinker.</p></blockquote>

<p><a href="Fred_Edwords" title="Fred Edwords">Fred Edwords</a>, former executive of the <a href="American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>, suggests that by Russell's definition, <a href="Liberal_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal religion">liberal religionists</a> who have challenged established orthodoxies can be considered freethinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On the other hand, according to <a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, atheists and/or agnostics are not necessarily freethinkers. As an example, he mentions <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, whom he compares to a "<a href="Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>":

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>what I am concerned with is the doctrine of the modern Communistic Party, and of the Russian Government to which it owes allegiance. According to this doctrine, the world develops on the lines of a Plan called <a href="Dialectical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical Materialism">Dialectical Materialism</a>, first discovered by <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, embodied in the practice of a great state by <a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, and now expounded from day to day by a Church of which Stalin is the Pope. […] Free discussion is to be prevented wherever the power to do so exists; […] If this doctrine and this organization prevail, free inquiry will become as impossible as it was in the middle ages, and the world will relapse into bigotry and obscurantism.</p></blockquote>

<p>In the 18th and 19th century, many thinkers regarded as freethinkers were <a href="Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">deists</a>, arguing that <a href="Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">the nature of God</a> can only be known from a study of nature rather than from religious revelation. In the 18th century, "deism" was as much of a 'dirty word' as "atheism", and deists were often stigmatized as either atheists or at least as freethinkers by their Christian opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deists today regard themselves as freethinkers, but are now arguably less prominent in the free thought movement than atheists.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>Among freethinkers, for a notion to be considered true it must be testable, <a href="Verifiability_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verifiability (science)">verifiable</a>, and logical. Many freethinkers tend to be <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a>, who base <a href="Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> on human needs and would find <a href="Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning</a> in human <a href="Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, <a href="Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a>, art, personal happiness, love, and the furtherance of <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. Generally, freethinkers like to think for themselves, tend to be skeptical, respect <a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> and reason, remain open to new concepts, and are sometimes proud of their own <a href="Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a>. They would determine truth for themselves – based upon knowledge they gain, answers they receive, experiences they have and the balance they thus acquire. Freethinkers reject <a href="Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> for the sake of conformity, whereby they create their own beliefs by considering the way the world around them works and would possess the intellectual integrity and courage to think outside of accepted <a href="Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, which may or may not lead them to believe in some <a href="Deity" title="Deity">higher power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Pansy" title="Pansy">pansy</a> serves as the long-established and enduring symbol of free thought; literature of the <a href="American_Secular_Union" title="American Secular Union">American Secular Union</a> inaugurated its usage in the late 1800s. The reasoning behind the pansy as the symbol of free thought lies both in the flower's name and in its appearance. The pansy derives its name from the <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> word <i>pensée</i>, which means "thought". It allegedly received this name because the flower is perceived by some to bear resemblance to a human face, and in mid-to-late summer it nods forward as if deep in thought.<sup id="cite_ref-PansyOfFreethought_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PansyOfFreethought-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, following examples set by freethinkers in France, Belgium, Spain and Sweden, it was proposed in the United States as "the symbol of religious liberty and freedom of conscience".<sup id="cite_ref-PansyOfFreethought_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PansyOfFreethought-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_movement">Pre-modern movement</h3></div>

<p>Critical thought has flourished in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, in the repositories of knowledge and wisdom in <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and in the <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> civilizations (for example in the era of <a href="Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Khayyam</a> (1048–1131) and his unorthodox <a href="Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam"><i>Rubaiyat</i></a> poems). Later societies made advances on <a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> such as the Chinese (note for example the seafaring renaissance of the <a href="Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> dynasty of 1127–1279),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on through <a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> thinkers on esoteric <a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> or <a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, to the <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the <a href="Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> pioneered by <a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb_2021_p._4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb_2021_p._4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nahme_2019_p._62_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahme_2019_p._62-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>French physician and writer <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">Rabelais</a> celebrated "rabelaisian" freedom as well as good feasting and drinking (an expression and a symbol of freedom of the mind) in defiance of the hypocrisies of <a href="Conformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformist">conformist</a> <a href="Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> in his <a href="Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> <a href="Thelema#Fran.C3.A7ois_Rabelais" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> Abbey (from θέλημα: free "will"), the device of which was <i>Do What Thou Wilt</i>:

</p>

<blockquote><p>So had Gargantua established it. In all their rule and strictest tie of their order there was but this one clause to be observed, Do What Thou Wilt; because free people ... act virtuously and avoid vice. They call this honor.

</p></blockquote>

<p>When Rabelais's hero <a href="Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Pantagruel</a> journeys to the "Oracle of The Div(in)e Bottle", he learns the lesson of life in one simple word: <i>"Trinch!"</i>, Drink! Enjoy the simple life, learn wisdom and knowledge, as a free human. Beyond puns, irony, and satire, Gargantua's prologue-<a href="Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> instructs the reader to "break the bone and suck out the substance-full marrow" ("<i>la substantifique moëlle</i>"), the core of wisdom.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_movements">Modern movements</h3></div>

<p>The year 1600 is considered a landmark in the era of modern free thought. It was the year of the execution in Italy of <a href="Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, a former <a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar, by the <a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gatti18_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatti18-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-montano1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montano1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birx_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birx-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div>

<p>Prior to <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Australia had high rates of Protestantism and Catholicism. Post-war Australia has become a highly <a href="Secularization" title="Secularization">secularised</a> country. <a href="Donald_Horne" title="Donald Horne">Donald Horne</a>, one of Australia's well-known <a href="Public_intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectuals">public intellectuals</a>, believed rising prosperity in post-war Australia influenced the decline in church-going and general lack of interest in religion. "Churches no longer matter very much to most Australians. If there is a happy eternal life it's for everyone ... For many Australians the pleasures of this life are sufficiently satisfying that religion offers nothing of great appeal", said Horne in his landmark work <i><a href="The_Lucky_Country" title="The Lucky Country">The Lucky Country</a></i> (1964).<sup id="cite_ref-horne_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horne-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Universit%C3%A9_Libre_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Libre de Bruxelles">Université Libre de Bruxelles</a> and the <a href="Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>, along with the two Circles of Free Inquiry (Dutch and French speaking), defend the freedom of critical thought, <a href="Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> philosophy and <a href="Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, while rejecting the <a href="Appeal_to_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to authority">argument of authority</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div>

<p>In 1873, a handful of secularists founded the earliest known secular organization in <a href="English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>, the Toronto Freethought Association. Reorganized in 1877 and again in 1881, when it was renamed the Toronto Secular Society, the group formed the nucleus of the Canadian Secular Union, established in 1884 to bring together freethinkers from across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A significant number of the early members appear to have come from the educated labour "aristocracy", including Alfred F. Jury, J. Ick Evans and J. I. Livingstone, all of whom were leading labour activists and secularists. The second president of the Toronto association, <a href="T._Phillips_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Phillips Thompson">T. Phillips Thompson</a>, became a central figure in the city's labour and social-reform movements during the 1880s and 1890s and arguably Canada's foremost late nineteenth-century labour intellectual. By the early 1880s scattered free thought organizations operated throughout southern <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and parts of <a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, eliciting both urban and rural support.

</p><p>The principal organ of the free thought movement in Canada was <i><a href="Secular_Thought" title="Secular Thought">Secular Thought</a></i> (Toronto, 1887–1911). Founded and edited during its first several years by English freethinker <a href="Charles_Watts_(secularist)" title="Charles Watts (secularist)">Charles Watts</a> (1835–1906), it came under the editorship of Toronto printer and publisher James Spencer Ellis in 1891 when Watts returned to England. In 1968 the <a href="Humanist_Association_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist Association of Canada">Humanist Association of Canada</a> (HAC) formed to serve as an umbrella group for humanists, atheists, and freethinkers, and to champion social justice issues and oppose religious influence on public policy—most notably in the fight to make access to abortion free and legal in Canada.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div>

<p>In France, the concept first appeared in publication in 1765 when <a href="Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, <a href="Jean_le_Rond_d'Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a>, and <a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> included an article on <i>Liberté de penser</i> in their <a href="Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of free thought spread so widely that even places as remote as the <a href="Jotunheimen" title="Jotunheimen">Jotunheimen</a>, in <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, had well-known freethinkers such as <a href="Jo_Gjende" title="Jo Gjende">Jo Gjende</a> by the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-MEMIM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEMIM-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Jean_de_la_Barre" title="François-Jean de la Barre">François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre</a> (1745–1766) was a young <a href="France" title="France">French</a> nobleman, famous for having been <a href="Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> and <a href="Decapitated" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitated">beheaded</a> before his body was burnt on a <a href="Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> along with Voltaire's <i><a href="Philosophical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Dictionary">Philosophical Dictionary</a></i>. La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> religious procession, but the elements of the case were far more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Christian <a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religious intolerance</a>; La Barre along with <a href="Jean_Calas" title="Jean Calas">Jean Calas</a> and <a href="Pierre-Paul_Sirven" title="Pierre-Paul Sirven">Pierre-Paul Sirven</a>, was championed by Voltaire. A second replacement statue to de la Barre stands nearby the <a href="Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris</a> at the summit of the butte <a href="Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> (itself named from the <i>Temple of Mars</i>), the highest point in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and an <a href="18th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="18th arrondissement of Paris">18th arrondissement</a> street nearby the <a href="Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur%2C_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacré-Cœur</a> is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre.

</p><p>The 19th century saw the emergence of a specific notion of <i>Libre-Pensée</i> ("free thought"), with writer <a href="Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> as one of its major early proponents. French Freethinkers (<i>Libre-Penseurs</i>) associate freedom of thought, political <a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and socialist leanings. The main organisation referring to this tradition to this day is the <a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_de_la_libre_pens%C3%A9e" title="Fédération nationale de la libre pensée">Fédération nationale de la libre pensée</a>, created in 1890.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div>

<p>In Germany, during the period 1815–1848 and before the <a href="Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">March Revolution</a>, the resistance of citizens against the dogma of the church increased. In 1844, under the influence of <a href="Johannes_Ronge" title="Johannes Ronge">Johannes Ronge</a> and <a href="Robert_Blum" title="Robert Blum">Robert Blum</a>, belief in the rights of man, tolerance among men, and <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> grew, and by 1859 they had established the <i>Bund Freireligiöser Gemeinden Deutschlands</i> (literally <i>Union of Free Religious Communities of Germany</i>), an association of persons who consider themselves to be religious without adhering to any established and institutionalized church or sacerdotal cult. This union still exists today, and is included as a member in the umbrella organization of free humanists. In 1881 in <a href="Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="Ludwig_B%C3%BCchner" title="Ludwig Büchner">Ludwig Büchner</a> established the <i>Deutscher Freidenkerbund</i> (<a href="German_Freethinkers_League" title="German Freethinkers League">German Freethinkers League</a>) as the first German organization for <a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and agnostics. In 1892 the <i>Freidenker-Gesellschaft</i> and in 1906 the <i>Deutscher Monistenbund</i> were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-may_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Free thought organizations developed the "<a href="Jugendweihe" title="Jugendweihe">Jugendweihe</a>" (literally <i>Youth consecration</i>), a secular "<a href="Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>" ceremony, and atheist funeral rites.<sup id="cite_ref-may_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-472-06938-1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-472-06938-1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union of Freethinkers for Cremation was founded in 1905, and the Central Union of German Proletariat Freethinker in 1908. The two groups merged in 1927, becoming the German Freethinking Association in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhalter_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhalter-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>More "bourgeois" organizations declined after <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and "proletarian" free thought groups proliferated, becoming an organization of socialist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-may_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaiser_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaiser-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European socialist free thought groups formed the International of Proletarian Freethinkers (IPF) in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-peris_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peris-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists agitated for Germans to disaffiliate from their respective Church and for secularization of elementary schools; between 1919–1921 and 1930–1932 more than 2.5 million Germans, for the most part supporters of the Social Democratic and Communist parties, gave up church membership.<sup id="cite_ref-lamberti_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamberti-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflict developed between radical forces including the Soviet <a href="League_of_the_Militant_Godless" class="mw-redirect" title="League of the Militant Godless">League of the Militant Godless</a> and Social Democratic forces in Western Europe led by Theodor Hartwig and <a href="Max_Sievers" title="Max Sievers">Max Sievers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peris_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peris-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 the Soviet and allied delegations, following a walk-out, took over the IPF and excluded the former leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-peris_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peris-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933, most free thought organizations were banned, though some right-wing groups that worked with so-called <i><a href="V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">Völkische</a> Bünde</i> (literally <i>"ethnic" associations</i> with nationalist, xenophobic and very often racist ideology) were tolerated by the Nazis until the mid-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-may_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaiser_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaiser-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4></div>

<p>In the 19th century, received opinion was scandalized by <a href="George_Ensor" title="George Ensor">George Ensor</a> (1769–1843).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Review of the Miracles, Prophecies, & Mysteries of the Old and New Testaments</i> (1835) argued that, far from being a source of moral teaching, revealed religion and its divines regarded questions of morality as "incidental"--as a "mundane and merely philosophical" topic.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4></div>

<p>In the Netherlands, free thought has existed in organized form since the establishment of De Dageraad (now known as <a href="De_Vrije_Gedachte" title="De Vrije Gedachte">De Vrije Gedachte</a>) in 1856. Among its most notable subscribing 19th century individuals were <a href="Johannes_van_Vloten" title="Johannes van Vloten">Johannes van Vloten</a>, <a href="Multatuli" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a>, Adriaan Gerhard and <a href="Domela_Nieuwenhuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Domela Nieuwenhuis">Domela Nieuwenhuis</a>.

</p><p>In 2009, Frans van Dongen established the Atheist-Secular Party, which takes a considerably restrictive view of religion and public religious expressions.

</p><p>Since the 19th century, free thought in the Netherlands has become more well known as a political phenomenon through at least three currents: liberal freethinking, conservative freethinking, and classical freethinking. In other words, parties which identify as freethinking tend to favor non-doctrinal, rational approaches to their preferred ideologies, and arose as secular alternatives to both clerically aligned parties as well as labor-aligned parties. Common themes among freethinking political parties are "freedom", "liberty", and "<a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Freethinkers_Association_of_Switzerland" title="Freethinkers Association of Switzerland">Freethinkers Association of Switzerland</a></div>

<p>With the introduction of cantonal <a href="Church_tax" title="Church tax">church taxes</a> in the 1870s, <a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericals</a> began to organise themselves. Around 1870, a "freethinkers club" was founded in <a href="Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. During the debate on the Zürich church law in 1883, professor Friedrich Salomon Vögelin and city council member Kunz proposed to <a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separate church and state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4></div>

<p>In the last years of the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, free thought made its voice heard by the works of distinguished people such as <a href="Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmet Rıza</a>, <a href="Tevfik_Fikret" title="Tevfik Fikret">Tevfik Fikret</a>, <a href="Abdullah_Cevdet" title="Abdullah Cevdet">Abdullah Cevdet</a>, Kılıçzade Hakkı, and <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celal_Nuri_%C4%B0leri" class="extiw external" title="tr:Celal Nuri İleri">Celal Nuri İleri</a>. These intellectuals affected the <a href="One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">early period</a> of the <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>. <a href="Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> –<a href="Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">field marshal</a>, revolutionary statesman, author, and <a href="Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">founder</a> of the <a href="Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> Turkish <a href="Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, serving as its first <a href="President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a> from 1923 until his death in 1938– was the practitioner of their ideas. He made many <a href="Atat%C3%BCrk's_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">reforms</a> that modernized the country. Sources point out that Atatürk was a <a href="Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">religious skeptic</a> and a freethinker. He was a non-doctrinaire <a href="Deism" title="Deism">deist</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was antireligious and anti-Islamic in general.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Atatürk, the Turkish people do not know what Islam really is and do not read the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. People are influenced by Arabic sentences that they do not understand, and because of their customs they go to mosques. When the Turks read the Quran and think about it, they will leave Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atatürk described Islam as the religion of the <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in his own work titled <i>Vatandaş için Medeni Bilgiler</i> by his own <a href="Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">critical</a> and <a href="Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">nationalist</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Ateizm_Derne%C4%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateizm Derneği">Association of Atheism</a> (<i>Ateizm Derneği</i>), the first official atheist organisation in Middle East and Caucasus, was founded in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-turkishatheist.net1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkishatheist.net1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves to support irreligious people and freethinkers in Turkey who are discriminated against based on their views. In 2018 it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm Derneği would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro-government media, but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div>

<p>The term <i>freethinker</i> emerged towards the end of the 17th century in England to describe those who stood in opposition to the institution of the <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church</a>, and the literal belief in the <a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The beliefs of these individuals were centered on the concept that people could understand the world through consideration of nature. Such positions were formally documented for the first time in 1697 by <a href="William_Molyneux" title="William Molyneux">William Molyneux</a> in a widely publicized letter to <a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, and more extensively in 1713, when <a href="Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Anthony Collins</a> wrote his <i>Discourse of Free-thinking,</i> which gained substantial popularity. This essay attacks the clergy of all churches and it is a plea for <a href="Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>.

</p><p><i><a href="The_Freethinker_(journal)" title="The Freethinker (journal)">The Freethinker</a></i> magazine was first published in Britain in 1881; it continued in print until 2014, and still exists as a web-based publication.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div>

<p>The freethought movement first organized itself in the United States as the "Free Press Association" in 1827 in defense of George Houston, publisher of <i>The Correspondent</i>, an early journal of <a href="Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> in an era when blasphemy convictions were still possible. Houston had helped found an <a href="Owenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenite">Owenite</a> community at Haverstraw, New York in 1826–27. The short-lived <i>Correspondent</i> was superseded by the <i>Free Enquirer</i>, the official organ of <a href="Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>'s <a href="New_Harmony%2C_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a> community in Indiana, edited by <a href="Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale Owen</a> and by <a href="Fanny_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Wright">Fanny Wright</a> between 1828 and 1832 in New York. During this time Robert Dale Owen sought to introduce the philosophic skepticism of the Free Thought movement into the <a href="Working_Men's_Party_(New_York)" title="Working Men's Party (New York)">Workingmen's Party</a> in New York City. The <i>Free Enquirer'</i>s annual civic celebrations of Paine's birthday after 1825 finally coalesced in 1836 in the first national freethinkers organization, the "United States Moral and Philosophical Society for the General Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". It was founded on August 1, 1836, at a national convention at the Lyceum in Saratoga Springs with Isaac S. Smith of <a href="Buffalo%2C_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, New York, as president. Smith was also the 1836 <a href="Locofocos" title="Locofocos">Equal Rights Party</a>'s candidate for Governor of New York and had also been the Workingmen's Party candidate for Lt. Governor of New York in 1830. The Moral and Philosophical Society published <i>The Beacon</i>, edited by Gilbert Vale.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Driven by the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the 19th century saw an <a href="Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> of <a href="German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> freethinkers and anti-clericalists to the United States (see <a href="Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a>). In the United States, they hoped to be able to live by their principles, without interference from government and church authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Many Freethinkers settled in German immigrant strongholds, including <a href="St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where they founded the town of <a href="Comfort%2C_Texas" title="Comfort, Texas">Comfort</a>, Texas, as well as others.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These groups of German Freethinkers referred to their organizations as <i>Freie Gemeinden</i>, or "free congregations".<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Freie Gemeinde was established in St. Louis in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Irreligion_1966_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Irreligion_1966-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others followed in Pennsylvania, California, Washington, D.C., New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Texas, and other states.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Irreligion_1966_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Irreligion_1966-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Freethinkers tended to be liberal, espousing ideals such as racial, social, and sexual equality, and the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The "<a href="Golden_Age_of_Freethought" title="Golden Age of Freethought">Golden Age of Freethought</a>" in the US came in the late 1800s. The dominant organization was the <a href="National_Liberal_League_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal League (United States)">National Liberal League</a> which formed in 1876 in Philadelphia. This group re-formed itself in 1885 as the American Secular Union under the leadership of the eminent agnostic orator <a href="Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>. Following Ingersoll's death in 1899 the organization declined, in part due to lack of effective <a href="Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ftt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Freethought in the United States declined in the early twentieth century. By the early twentieth century, most freethought congregations had disbanded or joined other mainstream churches. The longest continuously operating freethought congregation in America is the Free Congregation of Sauk County, Wisconsin, which was founded in 1852 and is still active as of 2020. It affiliated with the <a href="American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a> (now the <a href="Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a>) in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Sauk_County_Freethinkers_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauk_County_Freethinkers-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="D._M._Bennett" title="D. M. Bennett">D. M. Bennett</a> was the founder and publisher of <i><a href="Truth_Seeker" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth Seeker">The Truth Seeker</a></i> in 1873, a radical free thought and reform American periodical.

</p><p>German freethinker settlements were located in:

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Burlington%2C_Wisconsin" title="Burlington, Wisconsin">Burlington</a>, <a href="Racine_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Racine County, Wisconsin">Racine County</a>, <a href="Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Belleville%2C_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville</a>, <a href="St._Clair_County%2C_Illinois" title="St. Clair County, Illinois">St. Clair County</a>, <a href="Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li>

<li><a href="Castell%2C_Texas" title="Castell, Texas">Castell</a>, <a href="Llano_County%2C_Texas" title="Llano County, Texas">Llano County</a>, <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort%2C_Texas" title="Comfort, Texas">Comfort</a>, <a href="Kendall_County%2C_Texas" title="Kendall County, Texas">Kendall County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Davenport%2C_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a>, <a href="Scott_County%2C_Iowa" title="Scott County, Iowa">Scott County</a>, <a href="Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Fond_du_Lac%2C_Wisconsin" title="Fond du Lac, Wisconsin">Fond du Lac</a>, <a href="Fond_du_Lac_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin">Fond du Lac County</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Frelsburg%2C_Texas" title="Frelsburg, Texas">Frelsburg</a>, <a href="Colorado_County%2C_Texas" title="Colorado County, Texas">Colorado County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Hermann%2C_Missouri" title="Hermann, Missouri">Hermann</a>, <a href="Gasconade_County%2C_Missouri" title="Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade County</a>, <a href="Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson%2C_Jefferson_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson, Jefferson County, Wisconsin">Jefferson</a>, <a href="Jefferson_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson County, Wisconsin">Jefferson County</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Latium%2C_Texas" title="Latium, Texas">Latium</a>, <a href="Washington_County%2C_Texas" title="Washington County, Texas">Washington County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Manitowoc%2C_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc, Wisconsin">Manitowoc</a>, <a href="Manitowoc_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Manitowoc County, Wisconsin">Manitowoc County</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Meyersville%2C_Texas" title="Meyersville, Texas">Meyersville</a>, <a href="DeWitt_County%2C_Texas" title="DeWitt County, Texas">DeWitt County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Millheim, <a href="Austin_County%2C_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Oshkosh%2C_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a>, <a href="Winnebago_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Winnebago County, Wisconsin">Winnebago County, Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Ratcliffe, <a href="DeWitt_County%2C_Texas" title="DeWitt County, Texas">DeWitt County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Sauk_City%2C_Wisconsin" title="Sauk City, Wisconsin">Sauk City</a>, <a href="Sauk_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk County</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sauk_County_Freethinkers_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauk_County_Freethinkers-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Shelby%2C_Texas" title="Shelby, Texas">Shelby</a>, Austin County, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Sisterdale%2C_Texas" title="Sisterdale, Texas">Sisterdale</a>, <a href="Kendall_County%2C_Texas" title="Kendall County, Texas">Kendall County</a>, Texas</li>

<li><a href="St._Louis%2C_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, Missouri</li>

<li><a href="Tusculum%2C_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculum, Texas">Tusculum</a>, Kendall County, Texas</li>

<li><a href="Two_Rivers_(town)%2C_Wisconsin" title="Two Rivers (town), Wisconsin">Two Rivers</a>, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Watertown%2C_Wisconsin" title="Watertown, Wisconsin">Watertown</a>, <a href="Dodge_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Dodge County, Wisconsin">Dodge County</a>, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin_55-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freethinkers_in_Wisconsin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h4></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #000000; border-bottom:0px solid;">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Schools of thought</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a>

<ul><li><a href="Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li>

<li><a href="Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_synthesis" title="Anarchist synthesis">Synthesis</a></li></ul>

</td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>Theory and practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li>

<li><a href="Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li>

<li><a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li>

<li><a href="Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenzo_Kom'boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li>

<li><a href="Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li>

<li><a href="K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li>

<li><a href="Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li>

<li><a href="Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li>

<li><a href="Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li>

<li><a href="Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li>

<li><a href="Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Issues</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li>

<li><a href="Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li>

<li><a href="German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li>

<li><a href="Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li>

<li><a href="Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li>

<li><a href="Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li>

<li><a href="Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li>

<li><a href="Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li>

<li><a href="Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li>

<li><a href="1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Culture</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><i><a href="A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_architecture" title="Anarchist architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li>

<li><a href="Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li>

<li>"<a href="No_gods%2C_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Economics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labor voucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="Anarchism_in_Syria#Rojava_conflict" title="Anarchism in Syria">DAANES</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a> (<a href="Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li>

<li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></span></li>

<li><a href="Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States_tradition">United States tradition</h5></div><p>

Freethought influenced the development of <a href="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchism in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., </p><blockquote><p>"free thought was a basically <a href="Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">anti-Christian</a>, <a href="Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> movement, whose purpose was to make the individual politically and spiritually free to decide for himself on religious matters. A number of contributors to <i><a href="Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i> were prominent figures in both free thought and anarchism. The <a href="Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">American individualist anarchist</a> George MacDonald [(1857–1944)] was a co-editor of <i>Freethought</i> and, for a time, <i>The Truth Seeker.</i> E. C. Walker was co-editor of the freethought/free love journal <i><a href="Lucifer%2C_the_Light-Bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer, the Light-Bearer">Lucifer, the Light-Bearer</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-mises.org_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mises.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> "Many of the anarchists were ardent freethinkers; reprints from free thought papers such as <i><a href="Lucifer%2C_the_Light-Bearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer, the Light-Bearer">Lucifer, the Light-Bearer</a></i>, <i>Freethought</i> and <i>The Truth Seeker</i> appeared in <i>Liberty</i>...The church was viewed as a common ally of the state and as a repressive force in and of itself."<sup id="cite_ref-mises.org_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mises.org-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="European_tradition">European tradition</h5></div>

<p>

In Europe, a similar development occurred in French and Spanish individualist anarchist circles: </p><blockquote><p> "Anticlericalism, just as in the rest of the <a href="Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> movement, in another of the frequent elements which will gain relevance related to the measure in which the (French) Republic begins to have conflicts with the church...Anti-clerical discourse, frequently called for by the French individualist <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Lorulot" title="André Lorulot">André Lorulot</a> [(1885–1963)], will have its impacts in <i>Estudios</i> (a Spanish <a href="Individualist_anarchism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchism in Europe">individualist anarchist</a> publication). There will be an attack on institutionalized religion for the responsibility that it had in the past on negative developments, for its irrationality which makes it a counterpoint of philosophical and scientific progress. There will be a criticism of <a href="Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> and ideological manipulation which happens on both believers and agnostics".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> These tendencies would continue in French individualist anarchism in the work and activism of <a href="Charles-Auguste_Bontemps" title="Charles-Auguste Bontemps">Charles-Auguste Bontemps</a> (1893–1981) and others. In the Spanish individualist anarchist magazines <i>Ética</i> and <i><a href="Iniciales" class="mw-redirect" title="Iniciales">Iniciales</a></i> </p><blockquote><p>"there is a strong interest in publishing scientific news, usually linked to a certain atheist and <a href="Anti-theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-theist">anti-theist</a> obsession, philosophy which will also work for pointing out the incompatibility between science and religion, faith, and reason. In this way, there will be a lot of talk on <a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theories or on the negation of the existence of the <a href="Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In 1901, the Catalan anarchist and freethinker <a href="Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia">Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia</a> established "modern" or <a href="Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive schools</a> in <a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in defiance of an educational system controlled by the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools had the stated goal to "<a href="Popular_education" title="Popular education">educate the working class</a> in a rational, secular and non-coercive setting". Fiercely anti-clerical, Ferrer believed in "freedom in education", education free from the authority of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrer's ideas, generally, formed the inspiration for a series of <a href="Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Modern Schools</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and <a href="London" title="London">London</a>. The first of these started in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1911. Ferrer also inspired the Italian newspaper <a href="Universit%C3%A0_popolare_(Italian_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Università popolare (Italian newspaper)"> <i>Università popolare</i></a>, founded in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freethinking_in_Freemasonry">Freethinking in Freemasonry</h2></div>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Masonic_lodge_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic lodge officers">Masonic lodge officers</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_Masonic_jurisdiction" title="Regular Masonic jurisdiction">Regular Masonic jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Libert%C3%A9_ch%C3%A9rie" title="Liberté chérie">Liberté chérie</a></li>

<li><a href="Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Masonic manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Masonic bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<dl><dt>Masonic</dt>

<ul><li><a href="Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight_Kadosh" title="Knight Kadosh">Knight Kadosh</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Rite" title="French Rite">French Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li>

<li><a href="Research_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Lodge">Research Lodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Ye_Antient_Order_of_Noble_Corks" title="Ye Antient Order of Noble Corks">Corks</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Side degrees</dt>

<ul><li><a href="Shriners" title="Shriners">The Shrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Order_of_Jesters" title="Royal Order of Jesters">Royal Order of Jesters</a></li>

<li><a href="Tall_Cedars_of_Lebanon" title="Tall Cedars of Lebanon">Tall Cedars of Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm" title="Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm">The Grotto</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Masonic groups for women</dt>

<ul><li><a href="Women_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Freemasonry">Women and Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Amaranth" title="Order of the Amaranth">Order of the Amaranth</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Hall_Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star">Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Masonic youth organizations</dt>

<ul><li><a href="DeMolay_International" title="DeMolay International">DeMolay</a></li>

<li><a href="Job's_Daughters_International" title="Job's Daughters International">Job's Daughters</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Order_of_the_Rainbow_for_Girls" title="International Order of the Rainbow for Girls">International Order of the Rainbow for Girls</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Views on Masonry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Anti-Masonic_Exhibition" title="Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition">Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban of Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People and places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Smith_Webb" title="Thomas Smith Webb">Thomas Smith Webb</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Mackey" title="Albert Mackey">Albert Mackey</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a></li>

<li><a href="John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li>

<li><a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Schaw" title="William Schaw">William Schaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li>

<li><a href="Lodge_Mother_Kilwinning" title="Lodge Mother Kilwinning">Lodge Mother Kilwinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasons'_Hall%2C_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Masons'_Hall%2C_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li>

<li><a href="House_of_the_Temple" title="House of the Temple">House of the Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon's_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Detroit_Masonic_Temple" title="Detroit Masonic Temple">Detroit Masonic Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">List of Masonic buildings</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic ritual and symbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram Abiff</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Masonic_Abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masonic Abbreviations">List of Masonic Abbreviations</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprig_of_Acacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprig of Acacia">Sprig of Acacia</a></li>

<li><a href="Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Masonic Landmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Morals_and_Dogma_of_the_Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite_of_Freemasonry" title="Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry">Pike's <i>Morals and Dogma</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahiman_Rezon" title="Ahiman Rezon">Dermott's <i>Ahiman Rezon</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_of_Sacred_Law" title="Volume of Sacred Law">Volume of Sacred Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Barbados" title="Freemasonry in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Belgium" title="Freemasonry in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Croatia" title="Freemasonry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Denmark" title="Freemasonry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Indonesia" title="Freemasonry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Italy" title="Freemasonry in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Lebanon" title="Freemasonry in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Luxembourg" title="Freemasonry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Malta" title="Freemasonry in Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freemasonry in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Portugal" title="Freemasonry in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Scotland" title="Freemasonry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_South_Africa" title="Freemasonry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Spain" title="Freemasonry in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Sweden" title="Freemasonry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Turkey" title="Freemasonry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Ukraine" title="Freemasonry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry_in_the_United_States" title="Freemasonry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p><a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> served an important purpose in the spreading of the freethinking movement, Freemason lodges in 18th century Europe served as sites for enlightenment thinking and discussion of new ideas, helping spread freethought philosophies. The informal, secretive nature of the lodges allowed intellectuals and elites to gather and debate radical topics away from the scrutiny of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Freemasonry attracted many freethinkers and became a hub of the movement, during the Enlightenment era due to its emphasis on inclusive membership, <a href="Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, and <a href="Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freemasonry's origins from stonemason guilds meant its symbolism and rituals drew on concepts from the <a href="Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a> and <a href="Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a>, they include the Mastery of <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a>, <a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>, logic then mastery of <a href="Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> as well as other arts such as the <a href="Artes_mechanicae" title="Artes mechanicae">mechanical arts</a>, reflecting Enlightenment ideals in the goal of making its members Masters of their thoughts and opinions thus making them Freethinkers.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinguished Freemasonry from other fraternal orders focused on chivalry or Christian morality.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalism_and_science">Rationalism and science</h3></div>

<p>Due to Freemasonry utilizing extensive symbols and allegories related to mathematics, geometry, and architecture, conveying the importance of reason and science,<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the central Masonic symbol of the compass and square represented logic and rigor<sup id="cite_ref-berman_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well references to the "Great Architect of the Universe", these concepts were interpreted as a deist scientific creator by Enlightenment freethinkers.

</p><p>Influential early Speculative Masonic writings by James Anderson and <a href="John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">Jean-Theophile Desaguliers</a> frequently cited <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and promoted Newtonian scientific ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-berman_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desaguliers was a close friend and student of Newton, further spreading Newton's theories to lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-berman_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geometry textbooks and lectures were common in early lodges, aligning with Enlightenment interest in mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Freemasonry's multi-tiered system of <a href="Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation rituals</a> allegorically used the tools, stages, and concepts of architecture and mechanics to represent enlightenment and self-improvement through education and reason.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resonated with freethinkers' belief in perfecting society through spreading knowledge.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_tolerance">Religious tolerance</h3></div>

<p>Unlike most contemporary fraternal orders, Freemasonry did not require its members to follow a specific religious creed.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This openness allowed men of diverse faiths, including deists, to join local lodges throughout <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="United_States" title="United States">America</a> in the Enlightenment era allowing Free-thought to flourish. While utilizing religious imagery and themes, Freemasonry intentionally avoided dogmatic disputes and focused its moral lessons on shared values of virtue, charity, and righteousness thereby allowing its members to think for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This religious tolerance attracted Enlightenment thinkers, like <a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, who viewed organized religion as upholding oppressive traditional monarchs and hindering free thought.<sup id="cite_ref-israel_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Franklin praised Masonic principles of "liberality, tolerance and unity in essentials, leaving each Brother to his own opinions on non-essentials" in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-franklin_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franklin-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_liberalism">Political liberalism</h3></div>

<p>Many Enlightenment freethinkers perceived established dogmas as oppressing free thought.<sup id="cite_ref-israel_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the secrecy and hierarchical Initiatory structure of Freemasonry alarmed some authoritarian states, concerned it could encourage free and revolutionary ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-berman_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, most Masonic lodges mainly aimed to promote morality, sociability, freedom and philanthropic causes rather than radical politics.<sup id="cite_ref-jacob_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Values of freethinking, liberty, equality, and opposition to tyranny were also celebrated in Masonic rituals and writings, many rituals have for motto "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This intellectual spirit likely contributed to many Freemasons supporting independence movements and participating as Founding Fathers of the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bullock_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullock-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, some authoritarian states were against Freemasonry, suspecting it of encouraging freethinking philosophies and suppressed Masonic lodges and members.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pursuit_of_mastery">Pursuit of mastery</h3></div>

<p>A core goal of Freemasonry's initiatory system is to guide men's intellectual and moral development towards mastery and self enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-stevenson_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevenson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masonic rituals and degrees symbolically depict the passage from an Apprentice to Fellowcraft to Master Mason as a metaphor for independent learning and self-improvement to the goal of becoming a Master of himself, thus a full freethinker.<sup id="cite_ref-berman_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berman-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Attaining mastery is presented as freeing a man's mind from blind reliance on <a href="Authority" title="Authority">authorities</a> and <a href="Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a> so he can autonomously reason and have educated opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-bullock_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullock-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perfectibility of human nature through education and liberty is a key theme. This aligns with freethinkers' views on thinking for oneself using logic and empiricism.

</p><p>However, this does not mean that a Freemason cannot follow a dogma rather that as a Free-thinker, the Mason can, if he wants, decide to follow a dogma on his own free will and accord, not because he is told to do so but by his own enlightened choice.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Brights_movement" title="Brights movement">Brights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Freethought_Association_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethought Association of Canada">Freethought Association of Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Freethought_Day" title="Freethought Day">Freethought Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Observant_Freemasonry" title="Observant Freemasonry">Observant Freemasonry</a> — A style of Free-Masonry focused on studying to lessons of Free-Masonry and making free thinkers</li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Force, Introduction (1990) to An Account of the Growth of Deism in England (1696) by William Stephens</span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAveling1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aveling, Francis, ed. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04679b.htm">"Deism"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112353/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04679b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-10</span></span>. <q>The deists were what nowadays would be called freethinkers, a name, indeed, by which they were not infrequently known; and they can only be classed together wholly in the main attitude that they adopted, viz. in agreeing to cast off the trammels of authoritative religious teaching in favour of a free and purely rationalistic speculation.... Deism, in its every manifestation was opposed to the current and traditional teaching of revealed religion.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fabians.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ACommonPlace.pdf">"A COMMON PLACE by Ruth Kelly and Liam Byrne"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002241/https://www.fabians.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ACommonPlace.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-PansyOfFreethought-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PansyOfFreethought_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PansyOfFreethought_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Laurie_Gaylor" class="citation web cs1">Annie Laurie Gaylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk/PHP_redirected/pansy.php">"Pansy of Freethought - Rediscovering A Forgotten Symbol Of Freethought"</a>. <i>www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014522/http://www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk/PHP_redirected/pansy.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTheobald" class="citation web cs1">Theobald, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song.html">"Song Dynasty 宋, 960-1279"</a>. <i>www.chinaknowledge.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519204802/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gottlieb_2021_p._4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb_2021_p._4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2021" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z34fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>The Jewish Reformation: Bible Translation and Middle-Class German Judaism As Spiritual Enterprise</i></a>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-933638-8</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119164428/https://books.google.com/books?id=z34fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nahme_2019_p._62-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nahme_2019_p._62_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNahme2019" class="citation book cs1">Nahme, P.E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deJVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"><i>Hermann Cohen and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Enchantment of the Public Sphere</i></a>. New Jewish Philosophy and Thought. Indiana University Press. p. 62. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-253-03977-4</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119164429/https://books.google.com/books?id=deJVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-gatti18-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gatti18_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGatti2002" class="citation book cs1">Gatti, Hilary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cYumhwTQP8C"><i>Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science: Broken Lives and Organizational Power</i></a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0801487859</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>For Bruno was claiming for the philosopher a principle of free thought and inquiry which implied an entirely new concept of authority: that of the individual intellect in its serious and continuing pursuit of an autonomous inquiry… It is impossible to understand the issue involved and to evaluate justly the stand made by Bruno with his life without appreciating the question of free thought and liberty of expression. His insistence on placing this issue at the center of both his work and of his defense is why Bruno remains so much a figure of the modern world. If there is, as many have argued, an intrinsic link between science and liberty of inquiry, then Bruno was among those who guaranteed the future of the newly emerging sciences, as well as claiming in wider terms a general principle of free thought and expression.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-montano1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-montano1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMontano2007" class="citation book cs1">Montano, Aniello (24 November 2007). Antonio Gargano (ed.). <i>Le deposizioni davanti al tribunale dell'Inquisizione</i>. Napoli: La Città del Sole. p. 71. <q>In Rome, Bruno was imprisoned for seven years and subjected to a difficult trial that analyzed, minutely, all his philosophical ideas. Bruno, who in Venice had been willing to recant some theses, become increasingly resolute and declared on 21 December 1599 that he 'did not wish to repent of having too little to repent, and in fact did not know what to repent.' Declared an unrepentant heretic and excommunicated, he was burned alive in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on 17 February 1600. On the stake, along with Bruno, burned the hopes of many, including philosophers and scientists of good faith like Galileo, who thought they could reconcile religious faith and scientific research, while belonging to an ecclesiastical organization declaring itself to be the custodian of absolute truth and maintaining a cultural militancy requiring continual commitment and suspicion.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-birx-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birx_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBirx1997" class="citation news cs1">Birx, James (11 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516084317/http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html">"Giordano Bruno"</a>. <i>Mobile Alabama Harbinger</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theharbinger.org/xvi/971111/birx.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>To me, Bruno is the supreme martyr for both free thought and critical inquiry… Bruno's critical writings, which pointed out the hypocrisy and bigotry within the Church, along with his tempestuous personality and undisciplined behavior, easily made him a victim of the religious and philosophical intolerance of the 16th century. Bruno was excommunicated by the Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist Churches for his heretical beliefs. The Catholic hierarchy found him guilty of infidelity and many errors, as well as serious crimes of heresy… Bruno was burned to death at the stake for his pantheistic stance and cosmic perspective.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-horne-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horne_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttrose, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121216012210/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26024094-7583,00.html">Sport, grog and godliness</a>, <i><a href="The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>. Retrieved on 11 September 2009.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ramsay_Cook" title="Ramsay Cook">Ramsay Cook</a>, <i>The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), pp. 46–64.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135708/http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:1431:4.encyclopedie0513.4781541">"ARTFL Encyclopédie Search Results"</a>. 1751–1772. p. 472. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artflsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:1431:4.encyclopedie0513.4781541">the original</a> on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-MEMIM-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEMIM_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808194917/http://memim.com/gjendesheim.html">"Gjendesheim"</a>. <i>MEMIM</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memim.com/gjendesheim.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gregory2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory2008_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2008" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Mary Efrosini (2008). <i>Evolutionism in Eighteenth-century French Thought</i>. Peter Lang. p. 192. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781433103735</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-may-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-may_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-may_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBock2006" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Heike (2006). "Secularization of the modern conduct of life? Reflections on the religiousness of early modern Europe". In Hanne May (ed.). <i>Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt</i>. VS Verlag fnr Sozialw. p. 157. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8100-4039-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-isbn0-472-06938-1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-472-06938-1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReese,_Dagmar2006" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Dagmar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qA4My-C2nkC&pg=PA160"><i>Growing up female in Nazi Germany</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. p. 160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-472-06938-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Reinhalter-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reinhalter_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReinhalter1999" class="citation book cs1">Reinhalter, Helmut (1999). "Freethinkers". In Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Fahlbusch, Erwin (eds.). <i>The encyclopedia of Christianity</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-kaiser-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaiser_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaiser_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kaiser, Jochen-Christoph (2003). Christel Gärtner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXOr4xQFSJsC&pg=PA124"><i>Atheismus und religiöse Indifferenz</i></a>. Vol. Organisierter Atheismus. VS Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8100-3639-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-peris-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peris_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peris_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peris_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeris,_Daniel1998" class="citation book cs1">Peris, Daniel (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingheavenss00peri_0"><i>Storming the heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless</i></a></span>. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingheavenss00peri_0/page/110">110</a>–11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8014-3485-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-lamberti-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lamberti_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLamberti,_Marjorie2004" class="citation book cs1">Lamberti, Marjorie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbmwM4wsMKEC&pg=PA185"><i>Politics Of Education: Teachers and School Reform in Weimar Germany (Monographs in German History)</i></a>. Providence: Berghahn Books. p. 185. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57181-299-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStrachanJones2020" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, John; Jones, Steven E. (2020-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMbaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144"><i>British Satire, 1785-1840, Volume 1</i></a>. Routledge. p. 144. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-000-71299-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415080208/https://books.google.com/books?id=aMbaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuddy2012" class="citation book cs1">Duddy, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TJBtm__n3sC"><i>A History of Irish Thought</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>119. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-62352-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427222539/https://books.google.com/books?id=2TJBtm__n3sC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEnsor1835" class="citation book cs1">Ensor, George (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-5iAAAAcAAJ"><i>A Review of the Miracles, prophecies, and mysteries of the Old and New Testaments, and of the morality and consolation of the Christian Religion</i></a>. London: John Brooks. pp. 88, 91, 103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411123327/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-5iAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frei-denken.ch/de/2008/04/geschichte-der-freidenker/">"Geschichte der Freidenker"</a>. <i>FAS website</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102120645/http://www.frei-denken.ch/de/2008/04/geschichte-der-freidenker/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reşat Kasaba, "Atatürk", <i>The Cambridge history of Turkey: Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2008; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-62096-3</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOoGH4GckQgC&pg=PA163">p. 163</a>; accessed 27 March 2015.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdXGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Political Islam in Turkey</i> by Gareth Jenkins, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 84</a>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0230612458</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUal7eYmEnEC&pg=PA106"><i>Atheism</i></a>, Brief Insights Series by Julian Baggini, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1402768826</bdi>, p. 106.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gAjMuLivlQC&pg=PA19">Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide</a>, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0313338566</bdi>, p. 19.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: <i>"I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..."</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxXxBXewzgC&pg=PA146">The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand</a>, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0739167936</bdi>, p. 146.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Zuckerman, John R. Shook, The Oxford Handbook of Secularism, Oxford University Press, 2017, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0199988455</bdi>, p. 167.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Ramadan, Islam and the Arab Awakening, Oxford University Press, 2012, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0199933731</bdi>, p. 76.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722130231/http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ataturk-islam-icin-ne-dusunuyordu-791000/">"Atatürk İslam için ne düşünüyordu? - Türkiye Haberleri - Radikal"</a>. 2017-07-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ataturk-islam-icin-ne-dusunuyordu-791000/">the original</a> on 2017-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even before accepting the religion of the Arabs, the Turks were a great nation. After accepting the religion of the Arabs, this religion, didn't effect to combine the Arabs, the Persians and Egyptians with the Turks to constitute a nation. (This religion) rather, loosened the national nexus of Turkish nation, got national excitement numb. This was very natural. Because the purpose of the religion founded by Muhammad, over all nations, was to drag to an including Arab national politics. <i>(Afet İnan, Medenî Bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1998, p. 364.)</i></p></blockquote></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-turkishatheist.net1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turkishatheist.net1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkishatheist.net/?p=40">"The first Atheist Association in Turkey is founded"</a>. <i>turkishatheist.net</i>. 3 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303175925/http://turkishatheist.net/?p=40">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021302/https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-atheism/turkeys-atheism-association-threatened-hostility-and-lack-interest">"Turkey's Atheism Association threatened by hostility and lack of interest | Ahval"</a>. <i>Ahval</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-atheism/turkeys-atheism-association-threatened-hostility-and-lack-interest">the original</a> on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHugins1960" class="citation book cs1">Hugins, Walter (1960). <i>Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class: A Study of the New York Workingmen's Movement 1829–1837</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>48.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brandt, Eric T., and Timothy Larsen (2011). "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>38. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5923.2011.00330.x">10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00330.x</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-American_Irreligion_1966-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Irreligion_1966_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Irreligion_1966_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demerath, N. J. III and Victor Thiessen, "On Spitting Against the Wind: Organizational Precariousness and American Irreligion," <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>, 71: 6 (May, 1966), 674–87.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sauk_County_Freethinkers-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauk_County_Freethinkers_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauk_County_Freethinkers_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326214734/http://www.freecongregation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=59">"History of the Free Congregation of Sauk County: The "Freethinkers" Story"</a>. Free Congregation of Sauk County. April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freecongregation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 2012-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig2000" class="citation book cs1">Koenig, Brigitte Anne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=45pNAQAAMAAJ"><i>American Anarchism: The Politics of Gender, Culture, and Community from Haymarket to the First World War</i></a>. Vol. 2. University of California, Berkeley. p. 315<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] parts of the anarchist movement in the United States actually stemmed from free thought circles [...].</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-mises.org-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mises.org_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mises.org_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/5_3/5_3_4.pdf">"The Journal of Libertarian Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mises Institute</i>. 2014-07-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911065010/http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/5_3/5_3_4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_Diez2007" class="citation web cs1">Xavier Diez (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324044614/http://www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/anarquismo%2520individualista.pdf">"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 143. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/anarquismo%2520individualista.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_Diez2007" class="citation web cs1">Xavier Diez (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324044614/http://www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/anarquismo%2520individualista.pdf">"El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 152. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viruseditorial.net/pdf/anarquismo%2520individualista.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Fidler-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fidler_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidler_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidler_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_C._Fidler1985" class="citation journal cs1">Geoffrey C. Fidler (Spring–Summer 1985). "The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia"". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>32. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F368893">10.2307/368893</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/368893">368893</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147119437">147119437</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807032003/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/ferrer.html">"Francisco Ferrer's Modern School"</a>. Flag.blackened.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/spain/ferrer.html">the original</a> on 2010-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickJonesKnellwolfMcCalman2004" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, M.; Jones, P.; Knellwolf, C.; McCalman, I. (2004). <i>The Enlightenment World</i>. Routledge.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-jacob-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacob_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacob_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacob_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacob_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacob_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1991" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Margaret C. (1991). <i>Living the Enlightenment: <a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Alexander, Nathan G. (2019). <i>Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850-1914</i>. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1526142375</bdi></li>

<li>Alexander Nathan G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era/article/unclasping-the-eagles-talons-mark-twain-american-freethought-and-the-responses-to-imperialism/F85104CA5DCB59134C7D67CAC8BB7914">"Unclasping the Eagle's Talons: Mark Twain, American Freethought, and the Responses to Imperialism."</a> <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 17, no. 3 (2018): 524–545.</li>

<li><a href="J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a>. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffreedomft00bury"><i>A History of Freedom of Thought</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company.</li>

<li><a href="Susan_Jacoby" title="Susan Jacoby">Jacoby, Susan</a>. (2004). <i>Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8050-7442-2</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Porter_Putnam" title="Samuel Porter Putnam">Putnam, Samuel Porter</a>. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/400yearsoffreeth00putn"><i>Four Hundred Years of Freethought</i></a>. New York: Truth Seeker Company.</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Royle" title="Edward Royle">Royle, Edward</a>. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030113212/http://www.secularism.org.uk/uploads/3542a971e965ac1647844952.pdf"><i>Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement, 1791–1866</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7190-0557-4</bdi></li>

<li>Royle, Edward. (1980). <i>Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: popular freethought in Britain, 1866–1915</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7190-0783-6</bdi></li>

<li><a href="David_Tribe" title="David Tribe">Tribe, David</a>. (1967). <i>100 Years of Freethought</i>. London: Elek Books.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:A_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Ancient,_Medieval,_and_Modern_Freethinkers" class="extiw external" title="s:en:A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers">A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers</a></b></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130510204140/http://www.angoraspace.com/">Freethinker Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atheistfoundation.org.au/article/a-history-of-freethought">A History of Freethought</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Freethinker"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Freethinker">"Freethinker" </a></span>. <i><a href="New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPDWB0iD77E">Freethought In A Nutshell by the North Texas Church of Freethought</a> (video on <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NolanAljaddou">Freethought on Academia.edu</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li>

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<li><a href="Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination/Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit</a></li>

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<li><a href="Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Strong_agnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong agnosticism">Strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">Agnostic atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Atheists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_agnostics" title="List of agnostics">Agnostics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_secular_humanists" title="List of secular humanists">Humanists</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><i><a href="The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Breaking_the_Spell%3A_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Why_I_Am_an_Atheist" title="Why I Am an Atheist">Why I Am an Atheist</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_secularist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of secularist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="American_Atheists" title="American Atheists">American Atheists</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Freedom From Religion Foundation">Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Response_Squad" title="Rational Response Squad">Rational Response Squad</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovering_from_Religion" title="Recovering from Religion">Recovering from Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Association_of_Atheists_and_Agnostics" title="Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics">Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_irreligion" title="List of countries by irreligion">Countries by irreligion</a></li>

<li><a href="Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>